Journal of Scientific Research and Development

Analytic Innovation and Derivation in Financial Engineering of Interest Rate Intensity Modelling and Computations

Gbenga Michael Ogungbenle — Mon, 02 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The force of interest is a tool used to describe the instantaneous rate of growth or decline of life insurance asset over time. The core problem of this paper centers on how the instantaneous interest rate is modelled employing bivariate Taylor’s series expansion to reflect the influence of multiple interdependent factors and what implications does it have for the valuation of life insurance products. This paper explores the theoretical foundations, analytic behaviour, calibration methodology and the empirical performance of this novel model providing a more flexible and accurate approach to capturing the time-varying nature of interest rates. By extending the traditional one-dimensional Taylor series expansion, we derive a novel closed-form expression for the force of interest while incorporating the investment period horizon and allowing for the estimation of more complex, non-linear interest rate behaviors. This method analytically enables the modeling of interest rates that exhibits time-dependent changes. The two-dimensional expansion offers a powerful tool for computing the present value of future cash flows and assessing risk in financial portfolios which may be applicable in a variety of financial contexts such as bond pricing, loan amortization and pension fund valuation, highlighting its potential to enhance the robustness of traditional interest rate models

Analytic Innovation and Derivation in Financial Engineering of Interest Rate Intensity Modelling and Computations

Gbenga Michael Ogungbenle, Wipuni Sirisena, Chukwunenye Ukwu — Mon, 02 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In-vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of DL-limonene on Vero E6 cell line

Thu, 07 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Studies have shown the beneficial effects of plant-derived small organic compounds, known as secondary metabolites, many of which have significant therapeutic potentials on cardiovascular disease, diabetes and certain types of cancer. A wide variety of active phytochemicals have been found to influence cellular functions, membrane permeability, and viral replication. Thus, naturally based pharmacotherapy such as DL-limonene may be a proper alternative for treating viral diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV- 2) infection. However, there is a need for proper documentation of the toxicity and safety profile of these natural compounds. The aim of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxicity of DL-limonene on normal kidney cells of African Green Monkey (Vero E6 cell line),which is a non-cancerous cell line. In vitro cytotoxicity of DL-limonene on Vero E6 cells was evaluated by WST-8 assay. Afterwards, microscopic examination of the morphological alteration of the cells exposed to 5000.00 μM to 4.9 μM concentrations of DL-limonene was performed. The viability of cells treated with high concentrations (1250-5000 μM) of DL-limonene was reduced by more than 80% while increased cell growth and proliferation were observed in cells treated with lower concentrations (625-4.9 μM). Morphological changes, such as shrinking, blebbing, and cell rounding, were observed at varying concentrations (1250-5000 μM) of DL-limonene. In contrast, lower concentrations (625-4.9 μM) of DL-limonene showed no observable changes in the morphology of the cells. Therefore, DL-limonene is non-toxic to normal cells at low concentrations, supporting its safe utilisation for therapeutic applications.