Journal of Scientific Research and Development

Analytic Innovation and Derivation in Financial Engineering of Interest Rate Intensity Modelling and Computations

Gbenga Michael Ogungbenle — 2026-03-02

The force of interest is a tool used to describe the instantaneous rate of growth or decline of life insurance asset over time. The core problem of this paper centers on how the instantaneous interest rate is modelled employing bivariate Taylor’s series expansion to reflect the influence of multiple interdependent factors and what implications does it have for the valuation of life insurance products. This paper explores the theoretical foundations, analytic behaviour, calibration methodology and the empirical performance of this novel model providing a more flexible and accurate approach to capturing the time-varying nature of interest rates. By extending the traditional one-dimensional Taylor series expansion, we derive a novel closed-form expression for the force of interest while incorporating the investment period horizon and allowing for the estimation of more complex, non-linear interest rate behaviors. This method analytically enables the modeling of interest rates that exhibits time-dependent changes. The two-dimensional expansion offers a powerful tool for computing the present value of future cash flows and assessing risk in financial portfolios which may be applicable in a variety of financial contexts such as bond pricing, loan amortization and pension fund valuation, highlighting its potential to enhance the robustness of traditional interest rate models

In-vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of DL-limonene on Vero E6 cell line

Eseosa Esther Agho — 2026-05-07

Studies have shown the beneficial effects of plant-derived small organic compounds, known as secondary metabolites, many of which have significant therapeutic potentials on cardiovascular disease, diabetes and certain types of cancer. A wide variety of active phytochemicals have been found to influence cellular functions, membrane permeability, and viral replication. Thus, naturally based pharmacotherapy such as DL-limonene may be a proper alternative for treating viral diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV- 2) infection. However, there is a need for proper documentation of the toxicity and safety profile of these natural compounds. The aim of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxicity of DL-limonene on normal kidney cells of African Green Monkey (Vero E6 cell line),which is a non-cancerous cell line. In vitro cytotoxicity of DL-limonene on Vero E6 cells was evaluated by WST-8 assay. Afterwards, microscopic examination of the morphological alteration of the cells exposed to 5000.00 μM to 4.9 μM concentrations of DL-limonene was performed. The viability of cells treated with high concentrations (1250-5000 μM) of DL-limonene was reduced by more than 80% while increased cell growth and proliferation were observed in cells treated with lower concentrations (625-4.9 μM). Morphological changes, such as shrinking, blebbing, and cell rounding, were observed at varying concentrations (1250-5000 μM) of DL-limonene. In contrast, lower concentrations (625-4.9 μM) of DL-limonene showed no observable changes in the morphology of the cells. Therefore, DL-limonene is non-toxic to normal cells at low concentrations, supporting its safe utilisation for therapeutic applications.

Application of Bootstrapping Markov Processes to Control Charts Using Exchange Rate Data

Rasheed Olamilekan Imam — 2026-05-07

This study presents a hybrid approach that integrates bootstrapping techniques with a Markov process to construct control charts for monitoring exchange rate stability. Bootstrapping is employed to generate resampled datasets that capture the variability of the exchange rate series, while the Markov process models the probabilistic transitions between different exchange rate states. Using U.S. Dollar (USD) exchange rate data against a selected index over a defined period in 2024, the study evaluates process stability and identifies deviations from expected behavior. The results reveal distinct transition probabilities and periods of volatility, with several instances where the USD exchange rate exceeded its control limits. These deviations indicate short-term market instability influenced by external economic factors. Overall, the combined use of bootstrapping and Markov processes enhances the sensitivity and reliability of control charts, providing a robust framework for detecting structural changes and supporting effective exchange rate monitoring and decision-making.

Root systems and Weyl group actions on flag varieties

John Felemu Olasupo — 2026-05-07

This article gives a review of some results on the interplay between root systems, Weyl groups, and the geometry of ﬂag varieties, highlighting their connections through Schubert calculus and representation theory. The results illustrate how the cohomological and combinatorial structures arising from these objects provide a uniﬁed framework for geometric representation theory.

Evaluating Neem (Azadirachta indica) Extracts as Alternative Bactericidal Agents Against Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens

Kehinde O. Amisu — 2026-05-07

The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens threatens global health, prompting the search for alternative antimicrobials. This study evaluated the bactericidal activity of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extracts against clinical strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The leaves were authenticated, air-dried, and extracted using ethanol and water via cold maceration and Soxhlet extraction methods. Bacterial identity was confirmed with standard microbiological tests and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. The neem extract was analysed using a Shimadzu GC-MS-QP 2010 Plus system, and its antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Antibiotic susceptibility showed high resistance to amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin, while meropenem was most effective. Hot ethanol extracts exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones up to 22.0 ± 1.4 mm for E. coli, and MIC/MBC assays confirmed bactericidal effects. Time–kill studies demonstrated complete elimination within 12–24 hours. GC-MS profiling revealed dominant compounds including n-hexadecanoic acid (19.8%), phytol (9.2%), and 9,12,15-octadecatriene-1-ol (8.1%). These results underscore the effectiveness of neem as a natural antibacterial agent and highlight its potential as a complementary or alternative therapy against antibiotic resistant pathogens.

Optimization of α-naphthalene acetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine Concentrations for the in vitro micropropagation of Discorea bulbifera Linn

Abimbola Esther Bankole — 2026-05-17

One of the 600 species of the Dioscoreaceae family that have been used in traditional medicine all over the world is Dioscorea bulbifera. It is known as bitter yam and is indigenous to Asia, tropical Africa, America, and northern Australia. This herbaceous climbing plant has been used to treat various diseases including diabetes and ulcers. In order to improve and conserve this important medicinal plant, growth responses of micropropagated Dioscorea bulbifera was observed on Murashige and Skoog medium. The effects of two plant growth regulators; 6-benzylaminopurine, BAP (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0) mg/l and α-naphthalene acetic acid, NAA (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0) mg/l was used singly and in combination. Culture was maintained at 25 ± 2°C with 16/8-light/ dark photoperiod and a light intensity of 40 lmol m-2 s-1 provided by cool white fluorescent tubes. Results showed that treatment with 2 mg/L of NAA in shoot length 4.01±0.33 was remarkably high and the root length 2.28±0.64 was statistically significant. Also, 2 mg/L of BAP produced the highest shoot length 2.92±1.16 significantly. The combination of 1BAP+2NAA had the highest of proliferation of 3.10±0.46 followed by 2BAP+3NAA that produced 2.41±0.25. In this present study, the synergistic and advantageous effects of BAP and NAA on D. bulbifera culture boosted shoot induction and proliferation.

A Generalized Henstock-type Integral for Gronwall-Bellman’s Type Inequality

Victor O. Iluebe — 2026-05-15

In this paper, we establish some results involving the Generalized Henstock-type integral which generalizes Gronwall-Bellman’s Type Inequality and discuss its applicability to some stochastic differential equations.

MSC 2020: 28B15, 46G10

A Systematic Review of Transformers

Adewole Usman Rufai — 2026-05-24

In our world today, the way we live and interact has continued to experience rapid development. This feat has largely been enabled by Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, and Neural networks. The advent of transformer model in deep learning has proven to be very revolutionary. This is largely traceable to the self-attention mechanism it adopts. Unnoticeably, we interact with transformer easily today for example, Google uses BERT to enhance its search engine by better understanding users’ search queries. Equally, it has been repeatedly mentioned on different media platform that transformers of the GPT family from openAI because of its capability to generate human-like characters and images. These successes and many others have attracted plenty to interest from academic researchers and the industry. In this study, the basic architecture of a transformer was examined including various literatures that surveyed transformers. This study showed the application of transformers in the machine translation, document summarization, document generation, named entity recognition, biological sequence analysis, market intelligence, character recognition. This study also proffers some solutions to some of the challenges with transformers