Phytoconstituents, Proximate and Mineral Investigations of the Ethanol Extracts of the Bark and Leaves of Ficus sur Forssk.
Keywords:
Ficus sur, medicinal plant, mineral content, phytochemical, proximate analysis
Abstract
Qualitative phytochemical screening and nutritional compositions of the leaves and bark of Ficus sur Forssk. (Moraceae), a Nigerian plant with medicinal potentials, was carried out using standard methods. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, cardenolides and quinones in varying concentrations in the bark and leaves. Anthraquinones were detected in moderate concentrations in the leaves only whereas saponins were not detected in either the leaves or bark. The bark revealed higher contents of alkaloids and tannins than the leaves. Proximate analysis results showed a high carbohydrate but low lipid contents in both leaves and bark of F. sur. The mineral analyses of the leaves and bark, respectively, showed a high concentration of magnesium (93.70 0.50; 93.85 0.50), iron (16.05 0.30; 18.95 0.73), manganese (7.98 0.50; 7.43 0.47) and potassium (9.84 0.35; 7.96 0.25), amongst others.
Most of the other results obtained from the analyses of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves and bark exhibited similar trends; revealing the nutritional and pharmacological potentials of the Ficus sur plant thereby supporting its ethnobotanical use in the management of diarrhoea, diabetes and rheumatism.
References
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Ajayi, O. B., Oluyege, J. O., Olalemi, O. M. and
Ilesanmi, T. M. (2012). Nutritional composition, phytochemical screening and antimicrobial properties of leaf of Ficus exasperate (Vahl). Asian J. Biol. Life Sci. 1(3): 242–246.
AOAC (1999). Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists vol. 1, 16th Edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Virginia. p. 600–792.
AOCS (American Oil Chemist Society) (2000). Official methods of analysis 5th Edn. Association of official analytical chemists, Washington, DC, USA. p. 21–22.
Asekun, O. T., Asekunowo, A. K. and Balogun, K. A. (2013). Proximate composition, elemental analysis, phytochemistry and antibacterial properties of the leaves of Costus afer KER GAWL and Cedrela odorata L. from Nigeria, J. Sci. Res. Dev. 14: 113–119.
Blench, R. and Dendo, M. (2007). Hausa names for plants and trees 2nd Edn, Cambridge. 67pp.
Burkill, H. (1985). The useful plants of west tropical africa. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. 894pp.
Burton, B. T. and Foster, W. R. (1998). Human nutrition: A textbook of nutrition in health and disease, 4th Edn. McGraw-Hill, New York. 624pp.
Cordell, G. A., Quinn-Beattie, M. L. and Farnsworth, N. R. (2001). The potential of alkaloids in drug discovery. Phytother. Res. 15(3): 183–205.
Cowan, M. M. (1999). Plant products as anti-microbials agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12(4): 564–582.
Del-Rio, A., Obdululio, B. G., Casfillo, J., Marin, F. G. and Ortuno, A. (1997). Uses and properties of citrus flavonoids; J. Agric. Food Chem. 45: 4505–4515.
Diba, D., Mekasha, Y., Urge, M. and Tolera, A. (2015). Carcass yield and composition of supplementing hararghe with Ficus sur (cv. Forssk.) fruits to a basal diet of natural pasture hay. Sci. Technol. Arts Res. J. 4(4): 9–17.
Edeoga, H. O. and Eriata, D. O. (2001). Alkaloid, tannin and saponin contents of some Nigeria medicinal plants. J. Med. Aromatic Plant Sci., 23: 344–349.
Feleke, S. and Brehane, A. (2005). Triterpene compounds from the latex of Ficus Sur I. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 19(2): 307–310.
Gafar, M. K. and Itodo, I. A. U. (2002). Proximate and mineral compositions of Hairy indigo leaves. EJEAFChe 10(3): 2007–2018
Gilani, A. U. (2008). Ethnopharmacological studies on antispasmodic and antiplatelet activity of Ficus carica. J. Ethanopharmacol. 119: 1–5.
Irvine, F. R. (1961). Woody plants of Ghana with special reference to their uses. Oxford University Press, London. p. 347–349.
Lehninger, A. L. (1990). Principles of biochemistry 2nd Edn. Royal Offset Press, Delhi, India. p. 249–264.
Long, Y., Fu, C. Y., Tian, X. Z., Chen, J., Han, M., and Wang, R. (2007). Mechanisms of relaxing response induced by rat/mouse hemokinin-1 in porcine coronary arteries: roles of potassium ion and nitric oxide. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 569(1): 119–125.
McDowell, L. R. (1992). Minerals in animal and human nutrition. Academic Press Inc., New York. p. 1–77.
McDonald, A., Edwards, R. A., Greenhulgh, F. D., Morgan, C. A., Sinclair, L. A. and Wilkinson, R. G. (2011). Animal Nutrition 7th Edn. Pearson, Harlow, England. 692pp.
Miller, L. and Houghton, J. A. (1945). The micro-Kjeldahl determination of the nitrogen content of amino acids and proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 159(2): 373–383.
Nkafamiya, I. I., Osemeahon, S. A., Modibbo, U. U. and Aminu, A. (2010). Nutritional status of non-conventional leafy vegetables, Ficus asperrifolia and Ficus sycomorus; Afr. J. Sci. 4(3): 104–108.
Obahiagbon, F. I. and Erhabor, J. O. (2010). The health implications of dietary nutrients detected in the vegetable leaves intercropped with Raphia hookeri palms. Afr. J. Food Sci. 4(7): 440–443.
Odunbaku, O. A., Ilusanya, O. A. and Akasoro, K. S. (2008). Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Ficus exasperata on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus. Sci Res Essay 3: 562–564.
Okwu, D. E. (2004). Phytochemicals and vitamin content of indigenous spices of South-Eastern Nigerian. J. Sustain. Agric. Environ. 6(1): 30–37.
Okwu, D. E. and Iroabuchi, F. (2009). Phytochemical composition and biological activities of Uvaria chamae and Clerodendoron splendens. ECHEM 6(2): 553–560.
Ramde-Tiendrebeogo, A., Tibiri, A., Hilou, A., Lompo, M., Millogo-Kone, H., Nacoulma, O. G. and Guissou, I. P. (2012). Antioxidative and antibacterial activities of phenolic compounds from Ficus sur Forssk. and Ficus sycomorus L. (Moraceae): Potential for sickle cell disease treatment in Burkina Faso. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 6(1): 328–336.
Rankin, W. M., Hilreth, E. M., Lake, B. and
Waterworth, M. (1976). Foods and Nutrition 12th Edn. Clark, Doble and Bredon, Plymouth. p. 140–143.
Shah, M. T., Begum, S. and Khan, S. (2009). Pedo and biogeochemical studies of Mafic and Ultramafic rocks in the Mingora and Kaba areas, Swat, Pakistan. Environ. Earth Sci. 60: 1091–1102.
Shills, M. E., Shike, M., Ross, A. C., Caballero, B. and Cousings, R. J. (2006). Modern nutrition in health and diseases 10th Edn. Lippincott Williams and WIkins, Philadelphia. p. 280–281.
Solomon-Wisdom, G. O., Shittu, G. A. and Agboola, Y. A. (2011). Antimicrobial and phytochemical screening activities of Ficus sur (Forssk). NY Sci. J. 4(1): 15–18.
Uzoekwe, N. M. and Mohammed, J. J. (2015). Phytochemical, proximate and mineral contents of leaves and bark of Ficus capensis. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 19(4): 633–637.
Vaya, J. (2006). Flavonoid content in leaf extract of the fig (Ficus carica L.), Carob (Ceratomia soliqua L.). Biofactors 28: 169–175.
Published
2018-07-23
How to Cite
Odusanmi et al., J. A. (2018). Phytoconstituents, Proximate and Mineral Investigations of the Ethanol Extracts of the Bark and Leaves of Ficus sur Forssk. Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 17(1), 9-14. Retrieved from http://jsrd.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/31
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